Ch+11+-+Heat

//In this chapter concepts such as heat, internal energy, specific heat, calorimetry, latent heat,// conduction, convection, and radiation are examined.
 * Chapter 11: Energy In Thermal Processes:**

__Heat__- transfer of energy due to temperature differences (denoted as "Q")

Q=mc∆T //where Q is heat, m is mass, c is specific heat, and ∆T is change in temperature//

__Temperature__- the average kinetic energy of individual molecules (denoted as "T")

__Internal (Thermal) Energy__- total energy of all molecules of an object (denoted as "U")

__Specific Heat__- the amount of heat need to raise the temperature of a given mass (denoted as "c") The amount of heat used depends on the mass and on the difference of temperature. //see page 335: table 11.1 of text for values of specific heat for given materials//

specific heat (c) is proportional to Q/(m∆T) when ∆T is positive the heat flows in and when ∆T is negative heat flows out

Qcold = -Qhot MwCw(T-Tw)=-MxCx(T-Tx)
 * Calorimetry**:

__Latent Heat of Fusion__- when phase change takes place during melting or freezing (solid-liquid, liquid-solid) (denoted as "Lf") __Latent Heat of Vaporization__- when phase change takes place during boiling and condensation (liquid-gas, gas-liquid) (denoted as "Lv") //see page 339: table 11.2 of text for values of latent heat for given materials//
 * Latent Heat**: commonly referred to as the heat added due to a phase change, where temperature does NOT increase

Q=+/-mL //where Q is heat, m is mass, and L is latent heat//

A transfer can only take place if there is a change in tempperature. (Temperature depends on the molecular movement or kinetic energy). __Conduction__- when heat transfers through a material where a change in temperature is present; results in molecular collision Rate of energy transfer by conduction is modeled by: P=kA((Th-Tc)/L) //see page 343: table 11.3 of text for values of thermal conductivities of given materials//
 * Energy Transfer**:

__Radiation__- when heat is transfered without the presence of matter -An example of radiation would be the largest scale heat transfer that takes place everyday, from the sun to the earth.

__Convection__- energy transfer due to the movement of a material/substance media type="custom" key="3130908"

Automobile Cooling Systems**
 * __Real Life Connection:__

In automobile cooling systems, convection and conduction are the main concepts that help cool the engine down and keep it at a safe operating level. If the temperature gets too high, the metal engine block among other things, can be warped due to the extreme heat. The car's radiator is filled with antifreeze, which circulates between the radiator and the engine block. A large fan is mounted directly next to the radiator, to cool the antifreeze in the radiator. The cooler antifreeze is then circulated into the engine block, which helps cool down the engine block, the hottest part of the engine. The heat from the engine block is transferred into the cooler antifreeze by conduction, and the antifreeze then transfers that heat from the engine block back to the radiator, and the process starts all over again. The antifreeze transferring the heat from the engine block to the radiator is convection, which is energy transfer due to the movement of a material or a substance.